Diabetes mellitus, usually known as diabetes is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the world and also expected to continue as a major health issue owing to its serious complications including nephropathy (end-stage renal disease), retinopathy( blindness) and diabetic neuropathy. Again don’t confuse with the term diabetes insipidus- a hormonal abnormality causing salt and water imbalance. However, symptoms like more thirst and frequent urination may overlap in both disorders.
Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder generally marked by a prolonged increase in blood glucose levels with disturbance of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism usually believed to be associated with insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance.
Across the world, the Highest prevalence are observed in countries like India, china, US, Indonesia and Japan. In India, as per the National Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy Survey, conducted by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences’ Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmological Sciences, About 161 million people are estimated with diabetes mellitus mainly due to genetic susceptibility meld with lifestyle of low activity high calorie diet.
10% of the cases are found to be of type -1 , which generally displays at early age of below 35 years and the patients are not obese but usually have continuous weight loss. The basic phenomenon is destruction of β-cells of pancreas may be caused due to genetic vulnerability, autoimmunity, and environmental factor. And these people are more prone to develop ketoacidosis and hypoglycaemic episodes.
Blood glucose levels marks in the range of 260-600mg/dl.
Symptoms: frequent urination, increase thirst and hunger, vomiting, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, and confusion.
It can be treated with insulin administration and diet changes along with exercise.
80%of existing diabetic cases are of type -2 . Mostly seen in obese and older people aged between 45-60 and above.
–Aetiology:
–Symptoms: generally asymptomatic when diagnosed on the basis of increase blood glucose levels or may present with frequent urination and more thirsty.
– diagnosis:
The fasting plasma glucose level exceeding above 126mg/dl (>7 mmole/L) indicates diabetes.
–TREATMENT :
Let say it as a triangle meal plan.
Follow medication regimen properly prescribed by your physician.
– mutations in β- cells
-pancreatic diseases- chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic tumours, post pancreatectomy.
-endocrine disorders- Acromegaly, Cushing syndrome, pheochromocytoma
-drug induced- few medications like steroids, thyroid hormone, thiazides and β-,blockers may induce diabetes.
– infections- congenital rubella, cytomegalovirus infections
– immune mediated- these are uncommon but caused due to stiff man syndrome or anti insukin receptor antibodies.
-other genetic syndrome- down syndrome, klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome.
Globally, About 352 million individuals are estimated to be prediabetic .the right way to prevent yourself from falling into the category of diabetic or prediabetic ,take a step right now. Get the awareness about the diseases, eat healthy and exercise well. Keep check on your weight. Avoid stress. Stay healthy.
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